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Background  Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-treatment rat model has been utilized as a widely accepted model of treatment-resistant depression. Metabolomic signatures represent the pathophysiological phenotype of diseases. Recent studies in gut microbiota and metabolomics analysis revealed the dramatic role of microbiome in psychoneurological system diseases, but still, the mechanisms underlying gut microbiome–host interaction remain unclear.    Methods  Male Wistar rats were  s.c . injection of ACTH fragment 1–24 for 14 days to induce treatment-resistant depression. Depression-related behavioral tests, analysis of serum monoamine neurotransmitters and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis-related hormones were determined for assessment of ACTH-induced depression rat model. A gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer based urinary metabolomic signatures integrated 16S rRNA sequence analysis based gut microbial profiling was performed, as well as Spearman’s correlation coefficient analysis was used to manifest the covariation between the differential urinary metabolites and gut microbiota of genus level.    Results  Chronic injection of ACTH-induced depression-like phenotype (increased immobility time in forced swimming test and tail suspension test) was accompanied by peripheral serotonin down-regulation and HPA axis overactivation (ACTH and corticosterone up-regulation). Urinary metabolomics analysis indicated that pyruvic acid,  l -threonine, mannitol,  d -gluconic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid,  d -arabitol, myo-inositol and ascorbic acid levels were reduced in ACTH-treated rats’ urine, while hippurate level was elevated. In addition, microbial community profiling revealed bacterial enrichment (e.g.  Ruminococcus ,  Klebsiella ) and reduction (e.g.  Akkermansia ,  Lactobacillus ) in the ACTH-induced depression rat model. Correlation analysis showed that  Akkermansia  and  Lactobacillus  were closely relevant to metabolites myo-inositol and hippurate, which were included in host inositol phosphate metabolism, and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis.    Conclusions  Depression rat model induced by ACTH is associated with disturbance of pyruvate metabolism, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, inositol phosphate metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and glycolysis or gluconeogenesis, as well as changes in microbial community structure. Gut microbiota may participate in the mediation of systemic metabolomic changes in ACTH-induced depression model. Therefore, integrated metabolomic signatures and gut microbial community profiling would provide a basis for further studies on the pathogenesis of depression.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1970-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Metabolomic signatures and microbial community profiling of depressive rat model induced by adrenocorticotrophic hormone