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Background  The pursuit for clarity in diagnostic and treatment pathways for the complex, chronic condition of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) continues. This systematic review raises a novel question to explore possible overlapping aetiology in two distinct conditions. Similar neurocognitive symptoms and evidence of  d -lactate producing bacteria in ME/CFS raise questions about shared mechanisms with the acute condition of  d -lactic acidosis ( d -la).    Methods    d -la case reports published between 1965 and March 2016 were reviewed for episodes describing both neurological symptoms and high  d -lactate levels. Fifty-nine  d -la episodes were included in the qualitative synthesis comparing  d -la symptoms with ME/CFS diagnostic criteria. A narrative review of  d -la mechanisms and relevance for ME/CFS was provided.    Results  The majority of neurological disturbances reported in  d -la episodes overlapped with ME/CFS symptoms. Of these, the most frequently reported  d -la symptoms were motor disturbances that appear more prominent during severe presentations of ME/CFS. Both patient groups shared a history of gastrointestinal abnormalities and evidence of bacterial dysbiosis, although only preliminary evidence supported the role of lactate-producing bacteria in ME/CFS.    Limitations  Interpretation of results are constrained by both the breadth of symptoms included in ME/CFS diagnostic criteria and the conservative methodology used for  d -la symptom classification. Several pathophysiological mechanisms in ME/CFS were not examined.    Conclusions  Shared symptomatology and underlying microbiota–gut–brain interactions raise the possibility of a continuum of acute ( d -la) versus chronic (ME/CFS) presentations related to  d -lactate absorption. Measurement of  d -lactate in ME/CFS is needed to effectively evaluate whether subclinical  d -lactate levels affect neurological symptoms in this clinical population.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-017-1229-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Examining clinical similarities between myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and d-lactic acidosis: a systematic review