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Background   This study aims to assess the effect of radiation treatment on the tumour vasculature and its downstream effects on hypoxia and choline metabolism using a multimodal approach in the murine prostate tumour model CWR22. Functional parameters derived from Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/Computer Tomography (CT) with  18 F-Fluoromisonidazole ( 18 F-FMISO) and  18 F-Fluorocholine ( 18 F-FCH) as well as Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (DCE-US) were employed to determine the relationship between metabolic parameters and microvascular parameters that reflect the tumour microenvironment. Immunohistochemical analysis was employed for validation.    Methods   PET/CT and DCE-US were acquired pre- and post-treatment, at day 0 and day 3, respectively. At day 1, radiation treatment was delivered as a single fraction of 10 Gy. Two experimental groups were tested for treatment response with  18 F-FMISO and  18 F-FCH.    Results  The maximum Standardized Uptake Values (SUVmax) and the mean SUV (SUVmean) for the  18 F-FMISO group were decreased after treatment, and the SUVmean of the tumour-to-muscle ratio was correlated to microvessel density (MVD) at day 3. The kurtosis of the amplitude of the contrast uptake  A  was significantly decreased for the control tumours in the  18 F-FCH group. Furthermore, the eliminating rate constant of the contrast agent from the plasma  k   el   derived from DCE-US was negatively correlated to the SUVmean of tumour-to-muscle ratio, necrosis and MVD.    Conclusions  The present study suggests that the multimodal approach using  18 F-FMISO PET/CT and DCE-US seems reliable in the assessment of both microvasculature and necrosis as validated by histology. Thus, it has valuable diagnostic and prognostic potential for early non-invasive evaluation of radiotherapy.

Radiation treatment monitoring using multimodal functional imaging: PET/CT (18F-Fluoromisonidazole & 18F-Fluorocholine) and DCE-US