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Background  Multi-factorial intervention studies have been found to be successful in the initiation of lifestyle changes. However, little is known about the longer-term maintenance of health behavior improvements. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether improvements in physical activity and dietary habits achieved in a population-based multi-factorial lifestyle intervention of five years duration were maintained five years after intervention activities have ended.    Methods  The study was a population-based randomized controlled trial, Inter99 (1999–2006), Copenhagen, Denmark. Over five years, all participants in the intervention group ( n  = 6,091) received individual lifestyle counseling; participants at high risk of ischemic heart disease – according to pre-specified criteria – were also offered group-based counseling. The control group ( n  = 3,324) was followed by questionnaires. Both groups were followed one, three, five, and ten years after baseline. Changes in physical activity and dietary habits (intake of vegetables, fruit, fish, and saturated fat) during and after the intervention were investigated using random-coefficient models.    Results  Five years after the intervention, women in the intervention group reported greater improvements in the intake of fruit ( M  Δ  = 90.2 g/week,  p  = 0.041) and less intake of saturated fat (OR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.17–0.54) than the control group. Men in the intervention group reported greater improvements in physical activity ( M  Δ  = 19.6 min/week,  p  = 0.003) and less intake of saturated fat (OR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.17–0.56) than the control group. Improvements in the intake of vegetables and fish achieved during the intervention were not maintained in the longer-term.    Conclusions  Screening and lifestyle counseling had sustained effects on physical activity and dietary habits five years after its discontinuation. The patterns of long-term changes in lifestyle differed across behaviors and between men and women.    Trial registration  ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT00289237 )

The long-term effect of screening and lifestyle counseling on changes in physical activity and diet: the Inter99 Study – a randomized controlled trial