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Background  To examine the effects of IVF, ICSI and FET, as well as in vitro culture, on the safety of offspring, this study was conducted from the perspective of genetic imprinting to investigate whether assisted reproductive technology would influence the parental and maternal imprinting genes.    Methods  Eighteen foetuses were collected from multifoetal reduction and divided into 6 groups: multifoetal reduction after IVF fresh transferred D3 embryos ( n  = 3), multifoetal reduction after IVF frozen transferred D3 embryos ( n  = 3), multifoetal reduction after IVF frozen transferred D5 embryos ( n  = 3), multifoetal reduction after ICSI fresh transferred D3 embryos ( n  = 3), multifoetal reduction after ICSI frozen transferred D3 embryos ( n  = 3), and multifoetal reduction after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) ( n  = 3). The imprinted genes H19, IGF2 and SNRPN were selected for analysis. The expression and DNA methylation at some CpG sites of H19, IGF2, and SNRPN were examined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and pyrosequencing.    Results  There were no significant differences in the mRNA expression levels among the groups. The mean percentage of H19 methylation (eight CpG sites), IGF2 methylation (five CpG sites) and SNRPN methylation (nine CpG sites) did not differ significantly.    Conclusions  The results suggest that ARTs after controlled ovarian stimulation (IVF, ICSI, cryopreservation and duration of in vitro culture) may not increase the risk of abnormal expression and DNA methylation at some CpG sites of H19, IGF2 and SNRPN in foetuses. Further study with strict design, expanded sample size and CpG sites is essential.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12958-018-0344-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

reproductive biology and endocrinology

ART manipulation after controlled ovarian stimulation may not increase the risk of abnormal expression and DNA methylation at some CpG sites of H19,IGF2 and SNRPN in foetuses: a pilot study