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Background The study of symbiotic nitrogen fixation between (SNF) legumes and rhizobia has always been a hot frontier in scientific research. Nanotechnology provides a new strategy for biological nitrogen fixation research. However, how to construct abiotic nano-structure-biological system, using the special properties of nanomaterials, to realize the self-enhancement of biological nitrogen fixation capacity is important. Results In order to construct a more efficient SNF system, in this study, we applied manganese ferrite nanoparticles (MF-NPs) with sustainable diatomic catalysis to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus regulating the nodulation pathway and increasing the number of nodules in soybean ( Glycine max ), eventually enhancing symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Symbiosis cultivation of MF-NPs and soybean plants resulted in 50.85% and 61.4% increase in nodule weight and number, respectively, thus inducing a 151.36% nitrogen fixation efficiency increase, finally leading to a 25.70% biomass accumulation increase despite no substantial effect on the nitrogenase activity per unit. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that of 36 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 31 DEGs related to soybean nodulation were upregulated in late rhizobium inoculation stage (12 d), indicating that the increase of nodules was derived from nodule-related genes (Nod-R) continuous inductions by MF-NPs. Conclusions Our results indicated that the nodule number could be effectively increased by extending the nodulation period without threatening the vegetative growth of plants or triggering the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway. This study provides an effective strategy for induction of super-conventional nodulation. Graphical Abstract

Novel approach to enhance Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens nodulation through continuous induction of ROS by manganese ferrite nanomaterials in soybean