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Metal ions have been identified as important bone metabolism regulators and widely used in the field of bone tissue engineering, however their exact role during bone regeneration remains unclear. Herein, the aim of study was to comprehensively explore the interactions between osteoinductive and osteo-immunomodulatory properties of these metal ions. In particular, the osteoinductive role of zinc ions (Zn 2+ ), as well as its interactions with local immune microenvironment during bone healing process, was investigated in this study using a sustained Zn 2+  delivery system incorporating Zn 2+  into β-tricalcium phosphate/poly(L-lactic acid) (TCP/PLLA) scaffolds. The presence of Zn 2+  largely enhanced osteogenic differentiation of periosteum-derived progenitor cells (PDPCs), which was coincident with increased transition from M1 to M2 macrophages (M   \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} 				\usepackage{amsmath} 				\usepackage{wasysym}  				\usepackage{amsfonts}  				\usepackage{amssymb}  				\usepackage{amsbsy} 				\usepackage{mathrsfs} 				\usepackage{upgreek} 				\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} 				\begin{document}$$\varphi $$\end{document}   φs). We further confirmed that induction of M2 polarization by Zn 2+  was realized via PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, whereas marker molecules on this pathway were strictly regulated by the addition of Zn 2+ . Synergically, this favorable immunomodulatory effect of Zn 2+  further improved the osteogenic differentiation of PDPCs induced by Zn 2+  in vitro. Consistently, the spontaneous osteogenesis and pro-healing osteoimmunomodulation of the scaffolds were thoroughly identified in vivo using a rat air pouch model and a calvarial critical-size defect model. Taken together, Zn 2+ -releasing bioactive ceramics could be ideal scaffolds in bone tissue engineering due to their reciprocal interactions between osteoinductive and immunomodulatory characteristics. Clarification of this synergic role of Zn 2+  during osteogenesis could pave the way to develop more sophisticated metal-ion based orthopedic therapeutic strategies.Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-00956-8.

journal of nanobiotechnology

Sustained zinc release in cooperation with CaP scaffold promoted bone regeneration via directing stem cell fate and triggering a pro-healing immune stimuli