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Background  Osteoporosis is a bone-incapacitating malady and it is characterized by obvious bone mass loss and bone microarchitecture deterioration. Current treatments for osteoporosis have many limitations, including the non-obvious therapeutic effect and long-term safety issues. Icariin is a pharmacologically active flavonoid glycoside, which shows potential application in treatment of osteoporosis. But its clinical application is limited by the inherent disadvantages such as poor water solubility, first pass effect after oral administration, and low bioavailability. Moreover, due to lack of targeting ability, icariin cannot accumulate at the local diseased region to provide early protection from fractures. To solve the application problems of icariin and enhance its therapeutic effects on osteoporosis, this work aimed to design a targeting drug delivery system of biomineral-binding liposomes (BBL) mediated by pyrophosphate ions.    Results  Biomineral-binding liposomes enhanced the binding ability of liposomes with hydroxyapatite particles. It increased the serum level of alkaline phosphatase and reduced that of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b. Meanwhile, BBL increased the mechanical strength of femoral midshaft, preserving the trabecular bone microarchitecture. Moreover, BBL could initiate bone turnover/remodeling of rats with osteoporosis.    Conclusions  This drug targeting delivery system of BBL loading with icariin showed more therapeutic advantages than the free icariin for the treatment of osteoporosis, which may be a kind of valid candidate in future osteoporosis therapy.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12951-019-0447-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Bone-targeting drug delivery system of biomineral-binding liposomes loaded with icariin enhances the treatment for osteoporosis