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Background  So far, how the animals evade the environmental nanomaterials is still largely unclear. In this study, we employed in vivo assay system of  Caenorhabditis elegans  to investigate the aversive behavior of nematodes to graphene oxide (GO) and the underlying neuronal basis.    Results  In this assay model, we detected the significant aversive behavior of nematodes to GO at concentrations more than 50 mg/L. Loss-of-function mutation of  nlg - 1  encoding a neuroligin with the function in connecting pre- and post-synaptic neurons suppressed the aversive behavior of nematodes to GO. Moreover, based on the neuron-specific activity assay, we found that the NLG-1 activity in AIY or AIB interneurons was required for the regulation of aversive behavior to GO. The neuron-specific activities of NLG-1 in AIY or AIB interneurons were also required for the regulation of GO toxicity.    Conclusions  Using  nlg - 1  mutant as a genetic tool, we identified the AIY and AIB interneurons required for the regulation of aversive behavior to GO. Our results provide an important neuronal basis for the aversive response of animals to environmental nanomaterials.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12951-018-0373-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Identification of interneurons required for the aversive response of Caenorhabditis elegans to graphene oxide