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Background  Obesity is strongly associated to insulin resistance, inflammation, and elevated plasma free fatty acids, but the mechanisms behind this association are not fully comprehended. Evidences suggest that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress may play a role in this complex pathophysiology. The aim of the present study was to investigate the involvement of inflammation and ER stress in the modulation of glucose transporter GLUT4, encoded by  Slc2a4  gene, in L6 skeletal muscle cells.    Methods  L6 cells were acutely (2 h) and chronically (6 and 12 h) exposed to palmitate, and the expression of several proteins involved in insulin resistance, ER stress and inflammation were analyzed.    Results  Chronic and acute palmitate exposure significantly reduced GLUT4 protein (~ 39%,  P  < 0.01) and its mRNA (18%,  P  < 0.01) expression. Only acute palmitate treatment increased GRP78 (28%,  P  < 0.05), PERK (98%,  P  < 0.01), eIF-2A (35%,  P  < 0.01), IRE1a (60%,  P  < 0.05) and TRAF2 (23%,  P  < 0.05) protein content, and PERK phosphorylation (106%,  P  < 0.001), but did not elicit eIF-2A, IKK phosphorylation or increased XBP1 nuclear content. Additionally, acute and chronic palmitate increased NFKB p65 nuclear content (~ 30%,  P  < 0.05) and NFKB binding activity to  Slc2a4  gene promoter (~ 45%,  P  < 0.05).    Conclusion  Different pathways are activated in acute and chronic palmitate induced-repression of  Slc2a4 /GLUT4 expression. This regulation involves activation of initial component of ER stress, such as the formation of a IRE1a-TRAF2-IKK complex, and converges to NFKB-induced repression of  Slc2a4 /GLUT4. These results link ER stress, inflammation and insulin resistance in L6 cells.

Palmitate-induced Slc2a4/GLUT4 downregulation in L6 muscle cells: evidence of inflammatory and endoplasmic reticulum stress involvement