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Background  Nutrition therapy is the cornerstone of treating diabetes mellitus. The inclusion of fish (particularly oily fish) at least two times per week is recommended by current international dietary guidelines for type 2 diabetes. In contrast to a large number of human studies examining the effects of oily fish on different cardiovascular risk factors, little research on this topic is available in patients with type 2 diabetes. The aims of this pilot study were to investigate the effects of a sardine-enriched diet on metabolic control, adiponectin, inflammatory markers, erythrocyte membrane fatty acid (EMFA) composition, and gut microbiota in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes.    Methods  35 drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes were randomized to follow either a type 2 diabetes standard diet (control group: CG), or a standard diet enriched with 100 g of sardines 5 days a week (sardine group: SG) for 6 months. Anthropometric, dietary information, fasting glycated hemoglobin, glucose, insulin, adiponectin, inflammatory markers, EMFA and specific bacterial strains were determined before and after intervention.    Results  There were no significant differences in glycemic control between groups at the end of the study. Both groups decreased plasma insulin (SG: −35.3 %,  P  = 0.01, CG: −22.6 %,  P  = 0.02) and homeostasis model of assessment - insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (SG: −39.2 %,  P  = 0.007, CG: −21.8 %,  P  = 0.04) at 6-months from baseline. However only SG increased adiponectin in plasma compared to baseline level (+40.7 %,  P  = 0.04). The omega-3 index increased 2.6 % in the SG compared to 0.6 % in the CG ( P  = 0.001). Both dietary interventions decreased phylum Firmicutes (SG and CG:  P  = 0.04) and increased  E. coli  concentrations (SG:  P  = 0.01, CG:  P  = 0.03) at the end of the study from baseline, whereas SG decreased Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes ratio ( P  = 0.04) and increased  Bacteroides-Prevotella  ( P  = 0.004) compared to baseline.    Conclusions  Although enriching diet with 100 g of sardines 5 days a week during 6 months to a type 2 diabetes standard diet seems to have neutral effects on glycemic control in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes, this nutritional intervention could have beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, both dietary interventions decreased HOMA-IR and altered gut microbiota composition of drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes.    Trial registration  Trial number and name of the registry:  NCT02294526 , ClinicalTrials.gov    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-016-0245-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

lipids in health and disease

Effects of sardine-enriched diet on metabolic control, inflammation and gut microbiota in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes: a pilot randomized trial