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Background  Both the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) and Src pathways are associated with the development and progression of numerous types of human cancer, and Src activation confers resistance to anti-IGF1R therapies. Hence, targeting both IGF1R and Src concurrently is one of the main challenges in combating resistance to the currently available anti-IGF1R-based anticancer therapies. However, the enhanced toxicity from this combinatorial treatment could be one of the main hurdles for this strategy, suggesting the necessity of developing a novel strategy for co-targeting IGF1R and Src to meet an urgent clinical need.    Methods  We synthesized a series of 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4- d ]pyrimidine-based dual IGF1R/Src inhibitors, selected LL28 as an active compound and evaluated its potential antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo using the MTT assay, colony formation assays, flow cytometric analysis, a tumor xenograft model, and the  Kras   G12D/+  -driven spontaneous lung tumorigenesis model.    Results  LL28 markedly suppressed the activation of IGF1R and Src and significantly inhibited the viability of several NSCLC cell lines in vitro by inducing apoptosis. Administration of mice with LL28 significantly suppressed the growth of H1299 NSCLC xenograft tumors without overt toxicity and substantially reduced the multiplicity, volume, and load of lung tumors in the  Kras   G12D/+  -driven lung tumorigenesis model.    Conclusions  The present results suggest the potential of LL28 as a novel anticancer drug candidate targeting both IGF1R and Src, providing a new avenue to efficient anticancer therapies. Further investigation is warranted in advanced preclinical and clinical settings.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12943-018-0802-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Development of a 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-based dual IGF1R/Src inhibitor as a novel anticancer agent with minimal toxicity