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Background  Colorectal cancer (CRC) is 3rd most commonly diagnosed cancer in males and the second in females. PD-1/PD-L1 axis, as an immune checkpoint, is up-regulated in many tumors and their microenvironment. However, the prognostic value of PD-1/PD-L1 in CRC remains unclear.    Methods  The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database ( N  = 356) and Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC) cohort of patients ( N  = 276) were adopted to analyze the prognostic value of PD-L1 in colorectal tumor cells (TCs) and of PD-1 in tumor infiltrating cells (TILs) for CRC. Subgroup analyses were conducted in FUSCC cohort according to patients’ status of mismatch repair.    Results  In TCGA cohort, the cut-off values of PD-1 and PD-L1 expression were determined by X-tile program, which were 4.40 and 2.92, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that higher PD-1 and PD-L1 expressions correlated with better OS ( P  = 0.032 and  P  = 0.002, respectively). In FUSCC cohort, expressions of PD-1 on TILs and PD-L1 on TCs were analyzed separately by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining based on a TMA sample ( N  = 276) and revealed that both TILs-PD-1 and TCs-PD-L1 were associated with OS ( P  = 0.006 and  P  = 0.002, respectively) and DFS ( P  = 0.025 and  P  = 0.004, respectively) of CRC patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated TILs-PD-1 was an independent prognostic factor both for OS and DFS of CRC patients ( P  < 0.05). Subgroup analyses showed that TILs-PD-1 was an independent prognostic factor for both OS and DFS in CRC patients in MSS-proficient subgroup ( P  < 0.05), while neither of them correlated with OS or DFS in MSS-deficient subgroup ( P  > 0.05).    Conclusions  Higher expressions of PD-1 and PD-L1 correlates with better prognosis of CRC patients. TILs-PD-1 is an independent prognostic factor for OS and DFS of CRC patients, especially for MMR-proficient subgroup.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-016-0539-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

molecular cancer

Prognostic impact of programed cell death-1 (PD-1) and PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in cancer cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in colorectal cancer