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Background   Staphylococcus aureus  is a primary pathogen of orthopedic infections. By mediating antimicrobial resistance,  S. aureus  biofilm plays an important role in the recalcitrance of orthopedic infections, especially for the intractable osteomyelitis (OM). This study investigated the relationship between biofilm production and various genetic or phenotypic characteristics among orthopedic  S. aureus  strains.    Methods  A total of 137 orthopedic  S. aureus  isolates were enrolled and divided into OM and non-OM groups. Biofilm production was evaluated using the crystal violet assay. Genetic and phenotypic characteristics including MRSA identification, MLST and  spa  typing, carriage of virulence genes, drug resistance, and patients’ inflammatory responses indicators were characterized. The relationship between biofilm production and above-mentioned features was respectively analyzed among all isolates and compared between OM and non-OM isolates.    Results  Biofilm production presented no significant difference between OM (including 9 MRSA isolates) and non-OM (including 21 MRSA isolates) strains. We found that ST88, t377 and ST630-MSSA-t377 strains produced very strong biofilms, while MLST types of ST15, ST25, ST398, ST5, ST59 and  spa  types of t002, t2325, t437 tended to produce weaker biofilms. Strains with the following profiles produced stronger biofilms:  fib (+)- hlgv (+)- lukED (+)- sei (-)- sem (-)- seo (-) for all isolates,  sei (-)- sem (-)- seo (-) for OM isolates, and  cna  (+)- fib  (+)- hlgv  (+)- lukED  (+)- seb (-)- sed (-) for non-OM isolates. In addition, not any single drug resistance was found to be related to biofilm production. We also observed that, among OM patients, strains with stronger biofilms caused weaker inflammatory responses.    Conclusion  Some genetic or phenotypic characteristics of orthopedic strains were associated with biofilm production, and this association could be different among OM and non-OM strains. The results are of great significance for better understanding, evaluating and managing different kinds of biofilm-associated orthopedic infections, and provide potential targets for biofilm clearance.

annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials

Investigation of biofilm production and its association with genetic and phenotypic characteristics of OM (osteomyelitis) and non-OM orthopedic Staphylococcus aureus