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Background  The definition of hypervirulent  Klebsiella pneumoniae  (hvKp), traditionally regarded as hypermucoviscosity, is controversial. However, data based on both phenotype (hypermucoviscous) and genetic (aerobactin) criteria are limited.    Methods  A retrospective study was conducted in 175 geriatric patients between January 2008 and January 2014. The clinical and molecular data, including antimicrobial susceptibility testing, extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) production, virulence gene, and multilocus sequence typing of the hvKp-group (hypermucoviscosity and aerobactin positive) were compared with those of classic  K. pneumoniae  (cKp) isolates.    Results  Of 175 Kp isolates, 45.7% were hvKp. In pathogenicity,  K1 ,  K2 ,  magA ,  rmpA , and  rmpA2  genes were strongly associated with hvKp (P < 0.01). In the hvKp group, invasive infections (P < 0.000), liver abscess (P = 0.008), abdominal infection (P = 0.002) and septic shock (P = 0.035) are significantly higher than cKp group. Patients with better nutritional status were frequently infected with hvKp. However, host inflammatory reaction is most severe in hvKp group. Patients with diabetes (odds ratio [OR] = 2.548) and digestive diseases (OR = 2.196) are more likely to be infected with hvKp. Importantly, the detection of hvKp isolates increased from January 2008 to January 2010, January 2010 to January 2012, and January 2010 to January 2014 (12, 30, and 48 isolates, respectively). Overall, 16.3% of hvKp isolates produced ESBLs and 20.0% were MDR-hvKp. Multivariate analysis implied that infection occurred in the ICU (OR = 5.826) and patients with indwelling stomach tubes (OR = 6.461) are independent risk factors for ESBL-hvKp infection.    Conclusions  HvKp, especially ESBL-hvKp and MDR-hvKp, is emerging in the elderly. It is essential to enhance clinical awareness and management of hvKp infections.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12941-018-0302-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials

Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hypermucoviscous and aerobactin positive) infection over 6 years in the elderly in China: antimicrobial resistance patterns, molecular epidemiology and risk factor