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Background  Prior epidemiological and animal work has linked in utero exposure to ambient air pollutants (AAP) with accelerated postnatal weight gain, which is predictive of increased cardiometabolic risk factors in childhood and adolescence. However, few studies have assessed changes in infant body composition or multiple pollutant exposures. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine relationships between prenatal residential AAP exposure with infant growth and adiposity.    Methods  Residential exposure to AAP (particulate matter < 2.5 and 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter [PM 2.5 , PM 10 ]; nitrogen dioxide [NO 2 ]; ozone [O 3 ]; oxidative capacity [O x  wt : redox-weighted oxidative potential of O 3  and NO 2 ]) was modeled by spatial interpolation of monitoring stations via an inverse distance-squared weighting (IDW2) algorithm for 123 participants from the longitudinal Mother’s Milk Study, an ongoing cohort of Hispanic mother-infant dyads from Southern California. Outcomes included changes in infant growth (weight, length), total subcutaneous fat (TSF; calculated via infant skinfold thickness measures) and fat distribution (umbilical circumference, central to total subcutaneous fat [CTSF]) and were calculated by subtracting 1-month measures from 6-month measures. Multivariable linear regression was performed to examine relationships between prenatal AAP exposure and infant outcomes. Models adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, socioeconomic status, infant age, sex, and breastfeeding frequency. Sex interactions were tested, and effects are reported for each standard deviation increase in exposure.    Results  NO 2  was associated with greater infant weight gain (β = 0.14,  p  = 0.02) and TSF (β = 1.69,  p  = 0.02). PM 10  and PM 2.5  were associated with change in umbilical circumference (β = 0.73,  p  = 0.003) and TSF (β = 1.53,  p  = 0.04), respectively. Associations of O x  wt  (p interactions  < 0.10) with infant length change, umbilical circumference, and CTSF were modified by infant sex. O x  wt  was associated with attenuated infant length change among males (β = -0.60,  p  = 0.01), but not females (β = 0.16,  p  = 0.49); umbilical circumference among females (β = 0.92,  p  = 0.009), but not males (β = -0.00,  p  = 0.99); and CTSF among males (β = 0.01,  p  = 0.03), but not females (β = 0.00,  p  = 0.51).    Conclusion  Prenatal AAP exposure was associated with increased weight gain and anthropometric measures from 1-to-6 months of life among Hispanic infants. Sex-specific associations suggest differential consequences of in utero oxidative stress. These results indicate that prenatal AAP exposure may alter infant growth, which has potential to increase childhood obesity risk.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12940-021-00753-8.

Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollutants and early infant growth and adiposity in the Southern California Mother’s Milk Study