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Background  Multiple factors, including co-exposure between lifestyle and environmental risks, are important in susceptibility to oxidative DNA damage. However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether Cytochrome P4501A1 ( CYP1A1 ) methylation can mediate the co-exposure effect between smoking and occupational polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in development of oxidative DNA damage.    Methods  We explored the associations between smoking and occupational PAH co-exposure effect,  CYP1A1  methylation and oxidative DNA damage among 500 workers from a coke-oven plant in China. Urine biomarkers of PAH exposure (1-hydroxypyrene, 1-OHP; 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-NAP; 2-hydroxyfluorene, 2-FLU; and 9-hydroxyphenanthren, 9-PHE) and a marker of oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy- 2′- deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG) were measured by high performance liquid chromatography.  CYP1A1  methylation was measured by pyrosequencing. Finally, mediation analysis was performed to investigate whether  CYP1A1  methylation mediated smoking and occupational PAH co-exposure effect on oxidative DNA damage.    Results  We observed significant associations of smoking and 1-OHP co-exposure with  CYP1A1  hypomethylation (OR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.01–3.47) and high 8-OHdG (OR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.14–3.97). There was a significant relationship between  CYP1A1  hypomethylation and high 8-OHdG (1st vs. 3rd tertile = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.01–2.47,  P  for trend = 0.046). In addition, mediation analysis suggested  CYP1A1  hypomethylation could explain 13.6% of effect of high 8-OHdG related to smoking and 1-OHP co-exposure.    Conclusions  Our findings suggested that the co-exposure effect of smoking and occupational PAH could increase the risk of oxidative DNA damage by a mechanism partly involving  CYP1A1  hypomethylation.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12940-019-0508-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

environmental health

CYP1A1 methylation mediates the effect of smoking and occupational polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons co-exposure on oxidative DNA damage among Chinese coke-oven workers