English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Background  Air pollutants have been linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypothesized to act through inflammatory pathways and may induce interleukin-6 gene ( IL6 ) in the airway epithelium. The cytokine interleukin-6 may impact on glucose homeostasis. Recent meta-analyses showed the common polymorphisms,  IL6  -572G > C and  IL6  -174G > C to be associated with T2D risk. These  IL6  variants also influence circulatory interleukin-6 levels. We hypothesize that these common functional variants may modify the association between air pollutants and T2D.    Methods  We cross-sectionally studied 4410 first follow-up participants of the Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung and Heart Diseases (SAPALDIA), aged 29 to 73 years who had complete data on genotypes, diabetes status and covariates. We defined diabetes as self-reported physician-diagnosed, or use of diabetes medication or non-fasting glucose >11.1 mmol/L or HbA1c > 0.065. Air pollution exposure was 10-year mean particulate matter <10 μm in diameter (PM 10 ) assigned to participants’ residences using a combination of dispersion modelling, annual trends at monitoring stations and residential history. We derived interaction terms between PM 10  and genotypes, and applied mixed logistic models to explore genetic interactions by  IL6  polymorphisms on the odds of diabetes.    Results  There were 252 diabetes cases. Respective minor allele frequencies of  IL6  -572G > C and  IL6  -174G > C were 7 and 39 %. Mean exposure to PM 10  was 22 μg/m 3 . Both variants were not associated with diabetes in our study. We observed a significant positive association between PM 10  and diabetes among homozygous carriers of the pro-inflammatory major G-allele of  IL6  -572G > C [Odds ratio: 1.53; 95 % confidence interval (1.22, 1.92);  P  interaction (additive)  = 0.003 and  P  interaction (recessive)  = 0.006]. Carriers of the major G-allele of  IL6  -174G > C also had significantly increased odds of diabetes, but interactions were statistically non-significant.    Conclusions  Our results on the interaction of PM 10  with functionally well described polymorphisms in an important pro-inflammatory candidate gene are consistent with the hypothesis that air pollutants impact on T2D through inflammatory pathways. Our findings, if confirmed, are of high public health relevance considering the ubiquity of the major G allele, which puts a substantial proportion of the population at risk for the development of diabetes as a result of long-term exposure to air pollution.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12940-016-0120-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A common functional variant on the pro-inflammatory Interleukin-6 gene may modify the association between long-term PM10 exposure and diabetes