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Background  Cardiovascular health effects of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) exposure from wildfire smoke are neither definitive nor consistent with PM 2.5  from other air pollution sources. Non-comparability among wildfire health studies limits research conclusions.    Methods  We examined cardiovascular and respiratory health outcomes related to peat wildfire smoke exposure in a population where strong associations were previously reported for the 2008 Evans Road peat wildfire. We conducted a population-based epidemiologic investigation of associations between daily county-level modeled wildfire PM 2.5  and cardiopulmonary emergency department (ED) visits during the 2011 Pains Bay wildfire in eastern North Carolina. We estimated changes in the relative risk cumulative over 0–2 lagged days of wildfire PM 2.5  exposure using a quasi-Poisson regression model adjusted for weather, weekends, and poverty.    Results  Relative risk associated with a 10 μg/m 3  increase in 24-h PM 2.5  was significantly elevated in adults for respiratory/other chest symptoms 1.06 (1.00–1.13), upper respiratory infections 1.13 (1.05–1.22), hypertension 1.05 (1.00–1.09) and ‘all-cause’ cardiac outcomes 1.06 (1.00–1.13) and in youth for respiratory/other chest symptoms 1.18 (1.06–1.33), upper respiratory infections 1.14 (1.04–1.24) and ‘all-cause’ respiratory conditions 1.09 (1.01–1.17).    Conclusions  Our results replicate evidence for increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes from wildfire PM 2.5  and suggest that cardiovascular health should be considered when evaluating the public health burden of wildfire smoke.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12940-016-0093-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Repeating cardiopulmonary health effects in rural North Carolina population during a second large peat wildfire