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Background  Primary medical and health care facilities are the first lines of defense for the health of population. This study aims to evaluate the current state and trend of equity and coupling coordination degree (CCD) of staff in primary medical and health care institutions (SPMHCI) based on the quantity and living standards of citizens in China 2013–2019. The research findings are expected to serve as a guideline for the allocation of SPMHCI.    Methods  The data used in this study including the quantity and living standards of citizens, as well as the number of SPMHCI in 31 provincial administrative regions of China, were obtained from the China Statistical Yearbook and the China Health Statistics Yearbook. The equity and CCD for SPMHCI were analyzed by using the Gini coefficient and the CCD model, and the Grey forecasting model GM (1, 1) (GM) was used to predict the equity and CCD from 2020 to 2022.    Results  Between 2013 and 2019, the number of SPMHCI increased from 3.17 million to 3.50 million, and the population-based Gini coefficient declined from 0.0704 to 0.0513. In urban and rural areas, the Gini coefficients decreased from 0.1185 and 0.0737 to 0.1025 and 0.0611, respectively. The CCD between SPMHCI and citizens’ living standards (CLS) changed from 0.5691, 0.5813, 0.5818 to 0.5650, 0.5634, 0.6088 at national, urban, and rural levels, respectively. The forecasting results of GM revealed that at the national, urban and rural levels from 2020 to 2022, the Gini coefficient would rise at a rate of − 13.53, − 5.77%, and − 6.10%, respectively, while the CCD would grow at a rate of - 0.89, 1.06, and 0.87%, respectively.    Conclusions  In China, the number of SPMHCI has increased significantly, with an equitable allocation based on the population. The interaction between SPMHCI and CLS is sufficient, but the degree of mutual promotion is moderate. The government could optimize SPMHCI and improve the chronic disease management services to improve CLS and to ensure the continued operation of primary medical and health care institutions in urban areas.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12939-021-01572-6.

The degree of equity and coupling coordination of staff in primary medical and health care institutions in China 2013–2019