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Background  Ratcheting strain is produced due to the repeated accumulation of compressive strain in cartilage and may be a precursor to osteoarthritis. The aim of this study was to investigate the ratcheting behaviors of young and adult articular cartilages under cyclic compression by experiments and theoretical predictions.    Methods  A series of uniaxial cyclic compression tests were conducted for young and adult cartilage, and the effects of different loading conditions on their ratcheting behaviors were probed. A theoretical ratcheting model was constructed and applied to predict the ratcheting strains of young and adult cartilages with different loading conditions.    Results  Ratcheting strains of young and adult cartilages rapidly increased at the initial stage, followed by a slower increase in subsequent stages. The strain accumulation value and its rate for young cartilage were greater than them for adult cartilage. The ratcheting strains of the two groups of cartilage samples decreased with increasing stress rate, while they increased with increasing stress amplitude. As the stress amplitude increased, the gap between the ratcheting strains of young and adult cartilages increased gradually. The ratcheting strains of young and adult cartilages decreased along the cartilage depth from the surface to the deep layer. The ratcheting strains of different layers increased with the compressive cycle, and the difference among the three layers was noticeable. Additionally, the theoretical predictions agreed with the experimental data.    Conclusions  Overall, the ratcheting behavior of articular cartilage is affected by the degree of articular cartilage maturation.

Depth-dependent ratcheting strains of young and adult articular cartilages by experiments and predictions