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Background  The cardiovascular and respiratory systems are functionally related to each other, but the underlying physiologic mechanism of cardiorespiratory coupling (CRC) is unclear. Cardiopulmonary phase synchronization is a form of cardiorespiratory coupling. However, it is difficult to study in experimental data which are very often inherently nonstationary and thus contain only quasiperiodic oscillations. So how to enhance cardiopulmonary synchronization and quantify cardiopulmonary synchronization, the changes in cardiac function under the conditions of cardiopulmonary synchronization, and the physiological mechanisms behind them are the main issues to be discussed in this paper.    Results  The results showed that the cardiorespiratory synchronization significantly increased when breathing was controlled by heartbeat detection ( p  < 0.001). And the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) obviously decreased ( p  < 0.01) in the 2/2 mode and increased ( p  < 0.001) in the 4/4 mode. During the 2/2 breathing pattern compared with spontaneous breathing, systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased ( p  < 0.05), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial blood pressure (MBP), and SV decreased significantly ( p  < 0.01). During the 4/4 breathing pattern compared to 2/2 breathing patterns, DBP, MBP, and cardiac output (CO) increased ( p  < 0.05), and stroke volume (SV) increased significantly ( p  < 0.01). When analyzing the relationships among these parameters, the RSA was found to be associated with the respiration rate in all respiratory patterns.    Conclusions  We demonstrated that voluntary cardiorespiratory synchronization (VCRS) can effectively enhance cardiopulmonary phase synchronization, but cardiopulmonary phase synchronization and RSA represent different aspects of the cardiorespiratory interaction. It is found that cardiac function parameters such as the blood pressure and output per stroke could be affected by the number of heartbeats contained in the exhalation and inspiratory phase regulated through VCRS. So we can study cardiopulmonary phase synchronization by VCRS. It can be used to study in experimental data for the physiological mechanism of cardiopulmonary coupling.

Increased cardiorespiratory synchronization evoked by a breath controller based on heartbeat detection