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Background  In diffuse optical tomography (DOT), the image reconstruction is often an ill-posed inverse problem, which is even more severe for breast DOT since there are considerably increasing unknowns to reconstruct with regard to the achievable number of measurements. One common way to address this ill-posedness is to introduce various regularization methods. There has been extensive research regarding constructing and optimizing objective functions. However, although these algorithms dramatically improved reconstruction images, few of them have designed an essentially differentiable objective function whose full gradient is easy to obtain to accelerate the optimization process.    Methods  This paper introduces a new kind of non-negative prior information, designing differentiable objective functions for cases of L 1 -norm, L p  (0 <  p  < 1)-norm and L 0 -norm. Incorporating this non-negative prior information, it is easy to obtain the gradient of these differentiable objective functions, which is useful to guide the optimization process.    Results  Performance analyses are conducted using both numerical and phantom experiments. In terms of spatial resolution, quantitativeness, gray resolution and execution time, the proposed methods perform better than the conventional regularization methods without this non-negative prior information.    Conclusions   The proposed methods improves the reconstruction images using the introduced non-negative prior information. Furthermore, the non-negative constraint facilitates the gradient computation, accelerating the minimization of the objective functions.

An Lp (0 ≤ p ≤ 1)-norm regularized image reconstruction scheme for breast DOT with non-negative-constraint