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Background  Antenatal vitamin D 3  (vitD 3 ) supplementation significantly increases maternal and neonatal 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3  (25(OH)D 3 ) concentration, yet the effect of an improvement in maternal-fetal vitamin D status on the neonatal immune response is unclear.    Method  To assess the effect of prenatal vitD 3  supplementation on cord blood T cell function, healthy pregnant Bangladeshi women ( n  = 160) were randomized to receive either oral 35,000 IU/week vitD 3  or placebo from 26 to 29 weeks of gestation to delivery. In a subset of participants ( n  = 80), cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) were cultured, non-adherent lymphocytes were isolated to assess T cell cytokine responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and anti-CD3/anti-CD28 (iCD3/iCD28), measured by multiplex assay. In 12 participants, lymphocyte gene expression profiles were analyzed by PCR array.    Result  In supplemented group, increased concentrations of IL-10 ( P  < 0.000) and TNF-α ( P  = 0.05) with iCD3/iCD28 stimulation and IFN-γ ( p  = 0.05) with PHA stimulation were obtained compared to placebo group. No differences in the gene expression profile were noted between the two groups. However, PHA stimulation significantly induced the expression of genes encoding Th1 and Th2 cytokines and down-regulated a number of genes involved in T-cell development, proliferation and differentiation of B cells, signal transduction pathway, transcriptional regulation and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the vitamin D group (vitD group).    Conclusion  Third-trimester high-dose vitD 3  supplementation in healthy pregnant women had balanced effects on biomarkers of cord blood Th1 and Th2 responses.    Trial registration  ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT01126528 ).    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12937-016-0194-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Prenatal high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation has balanced effects on cord blood Th1 and Th2 responses