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Background  Ascariasis and malaria are highly prevalent parasitic diseases in tropical regions and often have overlapping endemic areas, contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates in areas with poor sanitary conditions. Several studies have previously aimed to correlate the effects of  Ascaris-Plasmodium  coinfections but have obtained contradictory and inconclusive results. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate parasitological and immunopathological aspects of the lung during murine experimental concomitant coinfection by  Plasmodium berghei  and  Ascaris suum  during larvae ascariasis.    Methods  C57BL/6J mice were inoculated with 1 × 10 4   P. berghei  strain NK65-NY-infected red blood cells (iRBCs) intraperitoneally and/or 2500 embryonated eggs of  A. suum  by oral gavage.  P. berghei  parasitaemia, morbidity and the survival rate were assessed. On the seventh day postinfection (dpi),  A. suum  lung burden analysis; bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL); histopathology; NAG, MPO and EPO activity measurements; haematological analysis; and respiratory mechanics analysis were performed. The concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-6, IL-4, IL-33, IL-13, IL-5, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF and TGF-β were assayed by sandwich ELISA.    Results  Animals coinfected with  P. berghei  and  A. suum  show decreased production of type 1, 2, and 17 and regulatory cytokines; low leukocyte recruitment in the tissue; increased cellularity in the circulation; and low levels of NAG, MPO and EPO activity that lead to an increase in larvae migration, as shown by the decrease in larvae recovered in the lung parenchyma and increase in larvae recovered in the airway. This situation leads to severe airway haemorrhage and, consequently, an impairment respiratory function that leads to high morbidity and early mortality.    Conclusions  This study demonstrates that the  Ascaris-Plasmodium  interaction is harmful to the host and suggests that this coinfection may potentiate  Ascaris -associated pathology by dampening the  Ascaris -specific immune response, resulting in the early death of affected animals.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03824-w.

malaria journal

Concomitant experimental coinfection by Plasmodium berghei NK65-NY and Ascaris suum downregulates the Ascaris-specific immune response and potentiates Ascaris-associated lung pathology