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Background  Bubaque is the most populous island of the Bijagos archipelago, a group of malaria-endemic islands situated off the coast of Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. Malaria vector control on Bubaque relies almost exclusively on the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). However, there is little information on local vector bionomics and insecticide resistance.    Methods  A survey of mosquito species composition was performed at the onset of the wet season (June/July) and the beginning of the dry season (November/December). Sampling was performed using indoor adult light-traps and larval dipping.  Anopheles  mosquitoes were identified to species level and assessed for  kdr  allele frequency by TaqMan PCR. Females were analysed for sporozoite positivity by CSP-ELISA. Resistance to permethrin and α-cypermethrin was measured using the CDC-bottle bioassay incorporating the synergist piperonyl-butoxide.    Results  Several  Anopheles  species were found on the island, all belonging to the  Anopheles gambiae  sensu lato (s.l.) complex, including  An. gambiae  sensu stricto,  Anopheles coluzzii ,  Anopheles melas , and  An. gambiae / An. coluzzii  hybrids. Endophagic  Anopheles  species composition and abundance showed strong seasonal variation, with a majority of  An. gambiae  (50% of adults collected) caught in June/July, while  An. melas  was dominant in November/December (83.9% of adults collected).  Anopheles gambiae  had the highest sporozoite rate in both seasons, with infection rates of 13.9% and 20% in June/July and November/December, respectively. Moderate frequencies of the West African  kdr  allele were found in  An. gambiae  (36%),  An. coluzzii  (35%),  An. gambiae / An. coluzzii  hybrids (42%). Bioassays suggest moderate resistance to α-cypermethrin, but full susceptibility to permethrin.    Conclusions  The island of Bubaque maintained an  An. gambiae  s.l. population in both June/July and November/December.  Anopheles gambiae  was the primary vector at the onset of the wet season, while  An. melas  is likely to be responsible for most dry season transmission. There was moderate  kdr  allele frequency and synergist assays suggest likely metabolic resistance, which could reduce the efficacy of LLINs. Future control of malaria on the islands should consider the seasonal shift in mosquito species, and should employ continuous monitoring for insecticide resistance.

A survey of Anopheles species composition and insecticide resistance on the island of Bubaque, Bijagos Archipelago, Guinea-Bissau