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Background  This study evaluated the effectiveness of improved housing on indoor residual mosquito density and exposure to infected Anophelines in Minkoameyos, a rural community in southern forested Cameroon.    Methods  Following the identification of housing factors affecting malaria prevalence in 2013, 218 houses were improved by screening the doors and windows, installing plywood ceilings on open eaves and closing holes on walls and doors. Monthly entomological surveys were conducted in a sample of 21 improved and 21 non-improved houses from November 2014 to October 2015. Mosquitoes sampled from night collections on human volunteers were identified morphologically and their parity status determined. Mosquito infectivity was verified through  Plasmodium falciparum  CSP ELISA and the average entomological inoculation rates determined. A Reduction Factor (RF), defined as the ratio of the values for mosquitoes collected outdoor to those collected indoor was calculated in improved houses (RFI) and non-improved houses (RFN). An Intervention Effect (IE = RFI/RFN) measured the true effect of the intervention. Chi square test was used to determine variable significance. The threshold for statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.    Results  A total of 1113 mosquitoes were collected comprising  Anopheles  sp (58.6%),  Culex  sp (36.4%),  Aedes  sp (2.5%),  Mansonia  sp (2.4%) and  Coquillettidia  sp (0.2%). Amongst the Anophelines were  Anopheles gambiae  sensu lato ( s.l .) (95.2%),  Anopheles funestus  (2.9%),  Anopheles ziemanni  (0.2%),  Anopheles brohieri  (1.2%) and  Anopheles paludis  (0.5%).  Anopheles gambiae  sensu stricto ( s.s. ) was the only  An. gambiae  sibling species found. The intervention reduced the indoor  Anopheles  density by 1.8-fold (RFI = 3.99; RFN = 2.21;  P  =  0.001 ). The indoor density of parous  Anopheles  was reduced by 1.7-fold (RFI = 3.99; RFN = 2.21;  P  =  0.04 ) and that of infected  Anopheles  by 1.8-fold (RFI = 3.26; RFN = 1.78;  P  =  0.04 ). Indoor peak biting rates were observed between 02 a.m. to 04 a.m. in non-improved houses and from 02 a.m. to 06 a.m. in improved houses.    Conclusion  Housing improvement contributed to reducing indoor residual anopheline density and malaria transmission. This highlights the need for policy specialists to further evaluate and promote aspects of house design as a complementary control tool that could reduce indoor human–vector contact and malaria transmission in similar epidemiological settings.

The effect of improved housing on indoor mosquito density and exposure to malaria in the rural community of Minkoameyos, Centre Region of Cameroon