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Background   Plasmodium elongatum  (cytochrome  b  lineage pGRW6) is a widespread avian malaria parasite, often causing severe disease in non-adapted hosts. This parasite lineage is of global distribution however, its virulence remains insufficiently understood, particularly in wild birds. Surprisingly, this infection has never been reported in Common starlings  Sturnus vulgaris  and Common crossbills  Loxia curvirostra , common European songbirds which were extensively sampled across Europe. A hypothesis was proposed that these birds might be resistant to the pGRW6 infection. The aim of this study was to test this hypothesis.    Methods  Lineage pGRW6 was isolated from a naturally infected Eurasian reed warbler, multiplied in vivo and inoculated in Common starlings and Common crossbills. Experimental and control groups (8 birds in each) were maintained in controlled conditions and examined microscopically every 4 days. Haematocrit value and body mass were monitored in parallel. At the end of the experiment (44 days post exposure), samples of internal organs were collected and examined using histological methods for possible presence of phanerozoites.    Results  All control birds remained uninfected. Experimental starlings were resistant. All exposed crossbills were susceptible and survived until the end of this study. Prepatent period was 12–16 days post exposure. Light parasitaemia (< 0.7%) developed in all birds, and only few phanerozoites were seen in bone marrow cells of 5 of 8 experimentally infected crossbills. Significant changes were reported only in haematocrit value but not body mass in the exposed crossbills compared to controls.    Conclusion   Plasmodium elongatum  (pGRW6) is of low virulence in Common crossbills and is unable to develop in Common starlings, indicating innate resistance of the later bird species. Low virulence in Common crossbills is likely due to the inability or low ability of this parasite lineage to develop phanerozoites resulting in light (if at all) damage of stem bone marrow cells. This study suggests that susceptibility of different bird species to the lineage pGRW6 is markedly variable. The global distribution of this parasite might be due to low virulence in wild adapted avian hosts, which survive this infection and serve as reservoirs host for non-adapted birds in whom this infection is often lethal.

The experimental study on susceptibility of common European songbirds to Plasmodium elongatum (lineage pGRW6), a widespread avian malaria parasite