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Background  Brazilian malaria control programmes successfully reduced the incidence and mortality rates from 2005 to 2016. Since 2017, increased malaria has been reported across the Amazon. Few field studies focus on the primary malaria vector in high to moderate endemic areas,  Nyssorhynchus darlingi , as the key entomological component of malaria risk, and on the metrics of  Plasmodium vivax  propagation in Amazonian rural communities.    Methods  Human landing catch collections were carried out in 36 houses of 26 communities in five municipalities in the Brazilian states of Acre, Amazonas and Rondônia states, with API (> 30). In addition, data on the number of locally acquired symptomatic infections were employed in mathematical modelling analyses carried out to determine  Ny. darlingi  vector competence and vectorial capacity to  P. vivax ; and to calculate the basic reproduction number for  P. vivax .    Results  Entomological indices and malaria metrics ranged among localities: prevalence of  P. vivax  infection in  Ny. darlingi,  from 0.243% in Mâncio Lima, Acre to 3.96% in Machadinho D’Oeste, Rondônia; daily human-biting rate per person from 23 ± 1.18 in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, to 66 ± 2.41 in Lábrea, Amazonas; vector competence from 0.00456 in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas to 0.04764 in Mâncio Lima, Acre; vectorial capacity from 0.0836 in Mâncio Lima, to 1.5 in Machadinho D’Oeste. The estimated  R  0  for  P. vivax  ( PvR  0 ) was 3.3 in Mâncio Lima, 7.0 in Lábrea, 16.8 in Cruzeiro do Sul, 55.5 in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, and 58.7 in Machadinho D’Oeste. Correlation between  P. vivax  prevalence in  Ny. darlingi  and vector competence was non-linear whereas association between prevalence of  P. vivax  in mosquitoes, vectorial capacity and  R  0  was linear and positive.    Conclusions  In spite of low vector competence of  Ny. darlingi  to  P. vivax , parasite propagation in the human population is enhanced by the high human-biting rate, and relatively high vectorial capacity. The high  PvR  0  values suggest hyperendemicity in Machadinho D’Oeste and São Gabriel da Cachoeira at levels similar to those found for  P. falciparum  in sub-Saharan Africa regions. Mass screening for parasite reservoirs, effective anti-malarial drugs and vector control interventions will be necessary to shrinking transmission in Amazonian rural communities, Brazil.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2753-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

malaria journal

Vector competence, vectorial capacity of Nyssorhynchus darlingi and the basic reproduction number of Plasmodium vivax in agricultural settlements in the Amazonian Region of Brazil