English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Background  The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is characterized as a holoendemic malaria area with the main vectors being  Anopheles funestus  and members of the  Anopheles gambiae  complex. Due to political instability and socio-economic challenges in the region, knowledge of insecticide resistance status and resistance mechanisms in these vectors is limited. Mosquitoes were collected from a mining site in the north-eastern part of the country and, following identification, were subjected to extensive testing for the target-site and biochemical basis of resistance. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess a suite of 10 genes frequently involved in pyrethroid and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) resistance in  An. gambiae  females and males. In  An. funestus , gene expression microarray analysis was carried out on female mosquitoes.    Results  In both species, deltamethrin resistance was recorded along with high resistance and suspected resistance to DDT in  An. gambiae  and  An. funestus,  respectively. A total of 85% of  An. gambiae  carried the  kdr  mutations as either homozygous resistant (RR) (L1014S, L1014F or both) or heterozygous (RS), however only 3% carried the  rdl  mutant allele (RS) and no  ace - 1  mutations were recorded. Synergist assays indicated a strong role for P450s in deltamethrin resistance in both species. In  An. gambiae , analysis of transcription levels showed that the glutathione-S-transferase,  GSTS1 - 2 , produced the highest fold change in expression (7.6-fold in females and 31-fold in males) followed by  GSTE2 , thioredoxin peroxidase ( TPX2 ), and cytochrome oxidases ( CYP6M2  and  CYP6P1 ). All other genes tested produced fold change values below 2. Microarray analysis revealed significant over-transcription of cuticular proteins as well as  CYP6M7 ,  CYP6P9a  and  CYP6P9b  in insecticide resistant  An. funestus .    Conclusions  These data show that high levels of deltamethrin resistance in the main malaria vector species, conferred by enzymatic detoxification, are present in the DRC.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-017-2099-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Malaria vectors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: the mechanisms that confer insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus