English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Background  Declining anti-malarial efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapy, and reduced  Plasmodium falciparum  susceptibility to individual anti-malarials are being documented across an expanding area of Southeast Asia (SEA). Genotypic markers complement phenotypic studies in assessing the efficacy of individual anti-malarials.    Methods  The markers  pfmdr1  and  pfcrt  were genotyped in parasite samples obtained in 2011–2014 at 14 TRAC (Tracking Resistance to Artemisinin Collaboration) sites in mainland Southeast Asia using a combination of PCR and next-generation sequencing methods.    Results    Pfmdr1  amplification, a marker of mefloquine and lumefantrine resistance, was highly prevalent at Mae Sot on the Thailand–Myanmar border (59.8% of isolates) and common (more than 10%) at sites in central Myanmar, eastern Thailand and western Cambodia; however, its prevalence was lower than previously documented in Pailin, western Cambodia. The  pfmdr1  Y184F mutation was common, particularly in and around Cambodia, and the F1226Y mutation was found in about half of samples in Mae Sot. The functional significance of these two mutations remains unclear. Other previously documented  pfmdr1  mutations were absent or very rare in the region. The  pfcrt  mutation K76T associated with chloroquine resistance was found in 98.2% of isolates. The CVIET haplotype made up 95% or more of isolates in western SEA while the CVIDT haplotype was common (30–40% of isolates) in north and northeastern Cambodia, southern Laos, and southern Vietnam.    Conclusions  These findings generate cause for concern regarding the mid-term efficacy of artemether–lumefantrine in Myanmar, while the absence of resistance-conferring  pfmdr1  mutations and SVMNT  pfcrt  haplotypes suggests that amodiaquine could be an efficacious component of anti-malarial regimens in SEA.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1598-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Analysis of anti-malarial resistance markers in pfmdr1 and pfcrt across Southeast Asia in the Tracking Resistance to Artemisinin Collaboration