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Background  Resistance to the carbamate insecticide bendiocarb is emerging in  Anopheles gambiae  populations from the city of Yaoundé in Cameroon. However, the molecular basis of this resistance remains uncharacterized. The present study objective is to investigate mechanisms promoting resistance to bendiocarb in  An. gambiae  populations from Yaoundé.    Methods  The level of susceptibility of  An. gambiae s.l.  to bendiocarb 0.1 % was assessed from 2010 to 2013 using bioassays. Mosquitoes resistant to bendiocarb, unexposed and susceptible mosquitoes were screened for the presence of the Ace-1 R  mutation using TaqMan assays. Microarray analyses were performed to assess the pattern of genes differentially expressed between resistant, unexposed and susceptible.    Results  Bendiocarb resistance was more prevalent in mosquitoes originating from cultivated sites compared to those from polluted and unpolluted sites. Both  An. gambiae  and  Anopheles coluzzii  were found to display resistance to bendiocarb. No G119S mutation was detected suggesting that resistance was mainly metabolic. Microarray analysis revealed the over-expression of several cytochrome P450 s genes including  cyp6z3, cyp6z1, cyp12f2, cyp6m3  and  cyp6p4 . Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis supported the detoxification role of cytochrome P450 s with several GO terms associated with P450 activity significantly enriched in resistant samples. Other detoxification genes included UDP-glucosyl transferases, glutathione-S transferases and ABC transporters.    Conclusion  The study highlights the probable implication of metabolic mechanisms in bendiocarb resistance in  An. gambiae  populations from Yaoundé and stresses the need for further studies leading to functional validation of detoxification genes involved in this resistance.

Investigation of mechanisms of bendiocarb resistance in Anopheles gambiae populations from the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon