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Background   Humoral immune responses against proteins of asexual blood-stage malaria parasites have been associated with clinical immunity. However, variations in the antibody-driven responses may be associated with a genetic component of the human host. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of co-stimulatory molecule gene polymorphisms of the immune system on the magnitude of the humoral immune response against a  Plasmodium vivax  vaccine candidate antigen.    Methods  Polymorphisms in the  CD28 ,  CTLA4 ,  ICOS ,  CD40 ,  CD86  and  BLYS  genes of 178 subjects infected with  P. vivax  in an endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The levels of IgM, total IgG and IgG subclasses specific for ICB2-5, i.e., the N-terminal portion of  P. vivax  merozoite surface protein 1 (PvMSP-1), were determined by enzyme-linked immuno assay. The associations between the polymorphisms and the antibody response were assessed by means of logistic regression models.    Results  After correcting for multiple testing, the IgG1 levels were significantly higher in individuals recessive for the single nucleotide polymorphism rs3116496 in  CD28  ( p  = 0.00004). Furthermore, the interaction between  CD28  rs35593994 and  BLYS  rs9514828 had an influence on the IgM levels ( p  = 0.0009).    Conclusions  The results of the present study support the hypothesis that polymorphisms in the genes of co-stimulatory components of the immune system can contribute to a natural antibody-driven response against  P. vivax  antigens.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1350-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

malaria journal

Immunogenetic markers associated with a naturally acquired humoral immune response against an N-terminal antigen of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 (PvMSP-1)