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Background  Over the past 15 years, mortality and morbidity due to malaria have been reduced substantially in sub-Saharan Africa and local elimination has been achieved in some settings. This study addresses the bio-ecology of larval and adult stages of malaria vectors,  Plasmodium  infection in  Anopheles gambiae s.l.  in the city of Conakry, Guinea, and discusses the prospect for malaria elimination.    Methods  Water bodies were prospected to identify potential mosquito breeding sites for 6 days each in the dry season (January 2013) and in the rainy season (August 2013), using the dipping method. Adult mosquitoes were collected in 15 communities in the five districts of Conakry using exit traps and indoor spraying catches over a 1-year period (November 2012 to October 2013). Molecular approaches were employed for identification of  Anopheles  species, including  An. coluzzii  and  An.  gambiae s.s . Individual  An.  gambiae  mosquitoes were tested for  Plasmodium falciparum  and  P. vivax  sporozoites using the VecTest™ malaria panel assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A systematic research of Ministry of Health statistical yearbooks was performed to determine malaria prevalence in children below the age of 5 years.    Results   Culex  larval breeding sites were observed in large numbers throughout Conakry in both seasons. While  Anopheles  larval breeding sites were less frequent than  Culex  breeding sites, there was a high odds of finding  An.  gambiae  mosquito larvae in agricultural sites during the rainy season. Over the 1-year study period, a total of 14,334 adult mosquitoes were collected; 14,135  Culex  (98.6 %) and 161 (1.1 %) from the  An.  gambiae  complex. One-hundred and twelve  Anopheles  mosquitoes, mainly collected from rice fields and gardens, were subjected to molecular analysis. Most of the mosquitoes were  An .  gambiae s.s.  (n = 102; 91.1 %) while the remaining 10 (8.9 %) were  An.  melas.  The molecular M form of  An .  gambiae s.s . was predominant (n = 89; 79.5 %). The proportions of  kdr  genotype in the  An .  gambiae s.s.  M and S form were 65.2 and 81.8 % (n = 9), respectively. No sporozoite infection were detected in any of the mosquitoes tested. The prevalence of  Plasmodium  recorded in children aged below 5 years was relatively low and varied between 2.2 and 7.6 % from 2009 to 2012.    Conclusions  The low density of larval and adult stages of  Anopheles  mosquitoes, the absence of infected  An.  gambiae  species and the low prevalence of  Plasmodium  in under 5-year-old children are important features that might facilitate malaria elimination in Conakry. The heterogeneity in species composition and resistance profiles call for vector control interventions that are tailored to the local bio-ecological setting.

Low prevalence of Plasmodium and absence of malaria transmission in Conakry, Guinea: prospects for elimination