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Background  The production of properly folded, recombinant sub-unit  Plasmodium falciparum  malaria vaccine candidates in sufficient quantities is often a challenge. Success in vaccine immunogenicity studies in small animal models does not always predict immunogenicity in non-human primates and/or human subjects. The aim of this study was to assess the immunogenicity of a chimeric blood-stage malaria vaccine in  Aotus  monkeys. This vaccine candidate includes the neutralizing B cell epitopes of  P. falciparum  merozoite surface protein 1 (r Pf MSP1 19 ) genetically linked to a highly immunogenic, well-conserved  P. falciparum  merozoite surface protein 8 (r Pf MSP8 (ΔAsn/Asp)) partner.    Methods   Aotus nancymaae  monkeys were immunized with purified r Pf MSP1/8 or r Pf MSP8 (ΔAsn/Asp) formulated with Montanide ISA 720 as adjuvant, or with adjuvant alone. Antibody responses to MSP1 19  and MSP8 domains were measured by ELISA following primary, secondary and tertiary immunizations. The functionality of vaccine-induced antibodies was assessed in a standard  P. falciparum  blood-stage in vitro growth inhibition assay. Non-parametric tests with corrections for multiple comparisons when appropriate were used to determine the significance of differences in antigen-specific IgG titres and in parasite growth inhibition.    Results  The chimeric r Pf MSP1/8 vaccine was shown to be well tolerated and highly immunogenic with boost-able antibody responses elicited to both  Pf MSP8 and  Pf MSP1 19  domains. Elicited antibodies were highly cross-reactive between FVO and 3D7 alleles of  Pf MSP1 19  and potently inhibited the in vitro growth of  P. falciparum  blood-stage parasites.    Conclusions  Similar to previous results with inbred and outbred mice and with rabbits, the  Pf MSP1/8 vaccine was shown to be highly effective in eliciting  P. falciparum  growth inhibitory antibodies upon immunization of non-human primates. The data support the further assessment of  Pf MSP1/8 as a component of a multivalent vaccine for use in human subjects. As important, the data indicate that r Pf MSP8 (ΔAsn/Asp) can be used as a malaria specific carrier protein to: (1) drive production of antibody responses to neutralizing B cell epitopes of heterologous vaccine candidates and (2) facilitate production of properly folded, recombinant  P. falciparum  subunit vaccines in high yield.

Immunogenicity of a chimeric Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein vaccine in Aotus monkeys