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Background  The Republic of Yemen has the highest incidence of malaria in the Arabian Peninsula, yet little is known of its vectors or transmission dynamics.    Methods  A 24-month study of the vectors and related epidemiological aspects of malaria transmission was conducted in two villages in the Taiz region in 2004–2005.    Results  Cross-sectional blood film surveys recorded an overall malaria infection rate of 15.3 % (250/1638), with highest rates exceeding 30 % in one village in May and December 2005. With one exception,  Plasmodium malariae , all infections were  P.  falciparum.  Seven  Anopheles  species were identified among 3407 anophelines collected indoors using light traps (LT) and pyrethrum knockdown catches (PKD):  Anopheles arabiensis  (86.9 %),  An. sergentii  (9 %),  An. azaniae ,  An. dthali ,  An. pretoriensis ,  An. coustani  and  An. algeriensis . Sequences for the standard barcode region of the mitochondrial  COI  gene confirmed the presence of two morphological forms of  An. azaniae , the typical form and a previously unrecognized form not immediately identifiable as  An. azaniae . ELISA detected  Plasmodium  sporozoites in 0.9 % of 2921  An. arabiensis  (23  P. falciparum , two  P. vivax ) confirming this species as the primary malaria vector in Yemen.  Plasmodium falciparum  sporozoites were detected in  An. sergentii  (2/295) and a single female of  An. algeriensis , incriminating both species as malaria vectors for the first time in Yemen. A vector in both wet and dry seasons,  An. arabiensis  was predominantly anthropophilic (human blood index = 0.86) with an entomological inoculation rate of 1.58 infective bites/person/year.  Anopheles sergentii  fed on cattle (67.3 %) and humans (48.3; 20.7 % mixed both species), but only 14.7 % were found in PKDs, indicating predominantly exophilic behaviour. A GIS analysis of geographic and socio-economic parameters revealed that  An. arabiensis  were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in houses with televisions, most likely due to the popular evening habit of viewing television collectively in houses with open doors and windows.    Conclusions  The predominantly indoor human biting vectors recorded in this study could be targeted effectively with LLINs, indoor residual spraying and/or insecticide-treated window/door curtains reinforced by education to instil a perception that effective and affordable malaria prevention is achievable.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1179-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Entomological aspects and the role of human behaviour in malaria transmission in a highland region of the Republic of Yemen