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Background  Deforestation and land-use change have the potential to alter human exposure to malaria. A large percentage of Madagascar’s original forest cover has been lost to slash-and-burn agriculture, and malaria is one of the top causes of mortality on the island. In this study, the influence of land-use on the distribution of  Plasmodium  vectors and concomitant  Plasmodium  infection in humans and mosquito vectors was examined in the southeastern rainforests of Madagascar.    Methods  From June to August 2013, health assessments were conducted on individuals living in sixty randomly selected households in six villages bordering Ranomafana National Park. Humans were screened for malaria using species-specific rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), and surveyed about insecticide-treated bed net (ITN) usage. Concurrently, mosquitoes were captured in villages and associated forest and agricultural sites. All captured female  Anopheline  mosquitoes were screened for  Plasmodium  spp. using a circumsporozoite enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (csELISA).    Results   Anopheles  spp. dominated the mosquito communities of agricultural and village land-use sites, accounting for 41.4 and 31.4 % of mosquitoes captured respectively, whereas  Anopheles  spp. accounted for only 1.6 % of mosquitoes captured from forest sites. Interestingly, most  Anopheles  spp. (67.7 %) were captured in agricultural sites in close proximity to animal pens, and 90.8 % of  Anopheles  mosquitoes captured in agricultural sites were known vectors of malaria. Three  Anopheline  mosquitoes (0.7 %) were positive for malaria ( Plasmodium vivax -210) and all positive mosquitoes were collected from agricultural or village land-use sites. Ten humans (3.7 %) tested were positive for  P. falciparum , and 23.3 % of those surveyed reported never sleeping under ITNs.    Conclusions  This study presents the first report of malaria surveillance in humans and the environment in southeastern Madagascar. These findings suggest that even during the winter, malaria species are present in both humans and mosquitoes; with  P. falciparum  found in humans, and evidence of  P. vivax -210 in mosquito vectors. The presence of  P. vivax  in resident vectors, but not humans may relate to the high incidence of humans lacking the Duffy protein. The majority of mosquito vectors were found in agricultural land-use sites, in particular near livestock pens. These findings have the potential to inform and improve targeted malaria control and prevention strategies in the region.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1164-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

malaria journal

Small-scale land-use variability affects Anopheles spp. distribution and concomitant Plasmodium infection in humans and mosquito vectors in southeastern Madagascar