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Background  Knowledge of the population genetics and transmission dynamics of  Plasmodium vivax  is crucial in predicting the emergence of drug resistance, relapse pattern and novel parasite phenotypes, all of which are relevant to the control of vivax infections. The aim of this study was to analyse changes in the genetic diversity of  P. vivax  genes from field isolates collected at different times along the Thai–Myanmar border.    Methods  Two hundred and fifty-four  P. vivax  isolates collected during two periods 10 years apart along the Thai–Myanmar border were analysed. The parasites were genotyped by nested-PCR and PCR–RFLP targeting selected polymorphic loci of  Pvmsp1 ,  Pvmsp3α  and  Pvcsp  genes.    Results  The total number of distinguishable allelic variants observed for  Pvcsp ,  Pvmsp1 , and  Pvmsp3α  was 17, 7 and 3, respectively. High genetic diversity was observed for  Pvcsp  ( H   E   = 0.846) and  Pvmsp1  ( H   E   = 0.709). Of the 254 isolates, 4.3 and 14.6 % harboured mixed  Pvmsp1  and  Pvcsp  genotypes with a mean multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1.06 and 1.15, respectively. The overall frequency of multiple genotypes was 16.9 %. When the frequencies of allelic variants of each gene during the two distinct periods were analysed, significant differences were noted for  Pvmsp1  ( P  = 0.018) and the  Pvcsp  ( P  = 0.033) allelic variants.    Conclusion  Despite the low malaria transmission levels in Thailand,  P. vivax  population exhibit a relatively high degree of genetic diversity along the Thai–Myanmar border of Thailand, in particular for  Pvmsp1  and  Pvcsp , with indication of geographic and temporal variation in frequencies for some variants. These results are of relevance to monitoring the emergence of drug resistance and to the elaboration of measures to control vivax malaria.

Genetic diversity among Plasmodium vivax isolates along the Thai–Myanmar border of Thailand