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Background  Malaria incidence has recently decreased globally and, as malaria elimination is envisioned as a possibility by the health authorities, guidance is needed to strengthen malaria control strategies. Larval source treatment, which could complement routine vector control strategies, requires knowledge regarding the  Anopheles  larval habitats.    Methods  A cross-sectional study was conducted in three of the most malaria-endemic regions in Colombia. A total of 1116 potential larval habitats in 70 villages were sampled in three states located in western Colombia: Cordoba, Valle del Cauca and Nariño.    Results  Overall, 17.5 % (195) of the potential larval habitats were found positive for different  Anopheles  species. A total of 1683 larvae were identified belonging to seven species:  Anopheles  albimanus ,  Anopheles calderoni ,  Anopheles  darlingi ,  Anopheles  neomaculipalpus ,  Anopheles  nuneztovari  s.l. ,  Anopheles  pseudopunctipennis , and  Anopheles  triannulatus . The most widely distributed species was  An. nuneztovari s.l. , which was found mainly in human-made fishponds in Cordoba and temporary puddles in Valle del Cauca.  Anopheles  albimanus  and  An. calderoni  were associated with human-made wells or excavation sites in Nariño. Cordoba displayed the greatest  Anopheles  species diversity with a total of six species (Shannon diversity index H′: 1.063). Although Valle del Cauca had four species, one more than Nariño, the diversity was lower because only one species predominated,  An. nuneztovari s.l.  The larval habitats with the highest Shannon diversity index were lagoons (H′: 1.079) and fishponds (H′: 1.009) in Cordoba, excavation sites in Nariño (H′: 0.620) and puddles in Valle del Cauca (H′: 0.764).    Conclusions  This study provides important information regarding the larval habitats of the main malaria vectors in the most malaria-endemic regions of Colombia, which will be useful in guiding larval control operations.

Larval habitat characteristics of the main malaria vectors in the most endemic regions of Colombia: potential implications for larval control