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Background  Control efforts towards malaria due to  Plasmodium falciparum  significantly decreased the incidence of the disease in many endemic countries including Senegal. Surprisingly, in Kedougou (southeastern Senegal)  P. falciparum  malaria remains highly prevalent and the relative contribution of other  Plasmodium  species to the global malaria burden is very poorly documented, partly due to the low sensitivity of routine diagnostic tools. Molecular methods offer better estimate of circulating  Plasmodium  species in a given area. A molecular survey was carried out to document circulating malaria parasites in Kedougou region.    Methods  A total of 263 long-term stored sera obtained from patients presenting with acute febrile illness in Kedougou between July 2009 and July 2013 were used for malaria parasite determination. Sera were withdrawn from a collection established as part of a surveillance programme of arboviruses infections in the region.  Plasmodium  species were characterized by a nested PCR-based approach targeting the 18S small sub-unit ribosomal RNA genes of  Plasmodium  spp.    Results  Of the 263 sera screened in this study,  Plasmodium  genomic DNA was amplifiable by nested PCR from 62.35% (164/263) of samples.  P. falciparum  accounted for the majority of infections either as single in 85.97% (141/164) of  Plasmodium -positive samples or mixed with  Plasmodium ovale  (11.58%, 19/164) or  Plasmodium vivax  (1.21%, 2/164). All 19 (11.58%)  P. ovale -infected patients were mixed with  P. falciparum , while no  Plasmodium malariae  was detected in this survey. Four patients (2.43%) were found to be infected by  P. vivax , two of whom were mixed with  P. falciparum .  P. vivax  infections originated from Bandafassi and Ninefesha villages and concerned patients aged 4, 9, 10, and 15 years old, respectively. DNA sequences alignment and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that sequences from Kedougou corresponded to  P. vivax , therefore confirming the presence of  P. vivax  infections in Senegal.    Conclusion  The results confirm the high prevalence of  P. falciparum  in Kedougou and provide the first molecular evidence of  P. vivax  infections in Senegal. These findings pave the ways for further investigations of  P. vivax  infections in Senegal and its contribution to the global burden of malaria disease before targeted strategies can be deployed.

A molecular survey of acute febrile illnesses reveals Plasmodium vivax infections in Kedougou, southeastern Senegal