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Background   Plasmodium vivax  merozoite surface protein-1 paralog (PvMSP1P) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein expressed on the merozoite surface. This molecule is a target of natural immunity, as high anti-MSP1P-19 antibody levels were detected during  P. vivax  infection and the antibody inhibited PvMSP1P-erythrocyte binding. Recombinant PvMSP1P antigen results in production of a significant Th1 cytokine response in immunized mice. The present study was performed to characterize natural cellular immunity against PvMSP1P-19 and PvDBP region II in acute and recovery  P. vivax  infection.    Methods  Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from acute and recovery  P. vivax  infection were obtained for lymphocyte proliferation assay upon PvMSP1P-19 and PvDBP region II antigen stimulation. The culture supernatant was examined for the presence of the cytokines IL-2, TNF, IFN-γ and IL-10 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To determine whether Th1 or Th2 have a memory response against PvMSP1P-19 and PvDBPII protein antigen, PBMCs from subjects who had recovered from  P. vivax  infection 8–10 weeks prior to the study were obtained for lymphocyte proliferation assay. Cytokine-producing cells were analysed by flow cytometry.    Results  IL-2 was detected at high levels in lymphocyte cultures from acutely infected  P. vivax  patients upon PvMSP1P-19 stimulation. Analysis of the Th1 or Th2 memory response in PBMC cultures from subjects who had recovered from  P. vivax  infection showed significantly elevated levels of PvMSP1P-19 and PvDBPII-specific IFN-γ-producing cells ( P   <  0.05). Interestingly, the response of IFN-γ-producing cells in PvMSP1P stimulation was fourfold greater in recovered subjects than that in acute-infection patients. CD4 +  T cells were the major cell phenotype involved in the response to PvMSP1P-19 and PvDBPII antigen.    Conclusions  PvMSP1P-19 strongly induces a specific cellular immune response for protection against  P. vivax  compared with PvDBPII as the antigen induces activation of IFN-γ-producing effector cells following natural  P. vivax  exposure. Upon stimulation, PvMSP1P-19 has the potential to activate the recall response of Th1 effector memory cells that play a role in killing the parasite.

Naturally-acquired cellular immune response against Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-1 paralog antigen