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Background  In Tanzania and elsewhere, medicinal plants, including  Maytenus senegalensis,  are still widely used in the treatment of malaria and other ailments. The aim of the present study was to investigate the  in vivo  antiplasmodial and toxic effects in mice.    Methods  Oral antiplasmodial and acute toxicity of the ethanolic root extract of  M. senegalensis  was evaluated in mice. The Peters 4-day  in vivo  antiplasmodial effect against early rodent malaria infection in chloroquine-sensitive  Plasmodium berghei  NK 65 strain in mice.    Results  The  M. senegalensis  extract was found non-toxic and the oral median lethal dose in mice was determined to be greater than 1,600 mg/kg body weight. The findings revealed a significant ( P  = 0.001) daily increase in the level of parasitaemia in the parasitized untreated groups and a significant ( P  < 0.001) dose dependent decrease in parasitaemia in the parasitized groups treated with varying doses ranging from 25 to 100 mg/kg body weight of  M. senegalensis  extract and the standard drug sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine at 25/1.25 mg/kg body weight. Overall, the dose dependent parasitaemia suppression effects were in the order of: 25/1.25 mg/kg body weight of sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine > 100 mg/kg > 75 mg/kg > 50 mg/kg > 25 mg/kg body weight of  M. senegalensis  extract.    Conclusion  The implications of these findings is that  M. senegalensis  ethanolic root bark extract possess potent antiplasmodial effect and may, therefore, serve as potential sources of safe, effective and affordable anti-malarial drugs. The displayed high  in vivo  antiplasmodial activity and lack of toxic effect render  M. senegalensis  a candidate for the bioassay-guided isolation of compounds which could develop into new lead structures and candidates for drug development programmes against human malaria.

In vivo antiplasmodial and toxicological effect of Maytenus senegalensis traditionally used in the treatment of malaria in Tanzania