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Background Most of the proteases classified into the M23 family in the MEROPS database exhibit staphylolytic activity and have potential as antibacterial agents. The M23 family is further classified into two subfamilies, M23A and M23B. Proteases of the M23A subfamily are thought to lack the capacity for self-maturation by auto-processing of a propeptide, which has been a challenge in heterologous production and application research. In this study, we investigated the heterologous expression, in  Bacillus subtilis , of the  Lysobacter enzymogenes  beta-lytic protease (BLP), a member of the M23A subfamily. Results We found that  B. subtilis  can produce BLP in its active form. Two points were shown to be important for the production of BLP in  B. subtilis . The first was that the extracellular proteases produced by the  B. subtilis  host are essential for BLP maturation. When the host strain was deficient in nine extracellular proteases, pro-BLP accumulated in the supernatant. This observation suggested that BLP lacks the capacity for self-maturation and that some protease from  B. subtilis  contributes to the cleavage of the propeptide of BLP. The second point was that the thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases BdbDC of the  B. subtilis  host are required for efficient secretory production of BLP. We infer that intramolecular disulfide bonds play an important role in the formation of the correct BLP conformation during secretion. We also achieved efficient protein engineering of BLP by utilizing the secretory expression system in  B. subtilis . Saturation mutagenesis of Gln116 resulted in a Q116H mutant with enhanced staphylolytic activity. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the wild-type BLP and the Q116H mutant against Staphylococcus aureus NCTC8325 was 0.75 μg/mL and 0.375 μg/mL, respectively, and the MBC against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC43300 was 6 μg/mL and 3 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusions In this study, we succeeded in the secretory production of BLP in  B. subtilis . To our knowledge, this work is the first report of the successful heterologous production of BLP in its active form, which opens up the possibility of industrial use of BLP. In addition, this study proposes a new strategy of using the extracellular proteases of  B. subtilis  for the maturation of heterologous proteins.

Heterologous production of active form of beta-lytic protease by Bacillus subtilis and improvement of staphylolytic activity by protein engineering