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Background  Owing to the excellent properties of photosensitization, cercosporin, one of naturally occurring perylenequinonoid pigments, has been widely used in photodynamic therapy, or as an antimicrobial agent and an organophotocatalyst. However, because of low efficiency of total chemical synthesis and low yield of current microbial fermentation, the limited production restricts its broad applications. Thus, the strategies to improve the production of cercosporin were highly desired. Besides traditional optimization methods, here we screened leaf-spot-disease-related endophytic bacteria to co-culture with our previous identified  Cercospora  sp. JNU001 to increase cercosporin production.    Results   Bacillus velezensis  B04 and  Lysinibacillus  sp. B15 isolated from leaves with leaf spot diseases were found to facilitate cercosporin secretion into the broth and then enhance the production of cercosporin. After 4 days of co-culture,  Bacillus velezensis  B04 allowed to increase the production of cercosporin from 128.2 mg/L to 984.4 mg/L, which was 7.68-fold of the previously reported one.  Lysinibacillus  sp. B15 could also enhance the production of cercosporin with a yield of 626.3 mg/L, which was 4.89-fold higher than the starting condition. More importantly, we found that bacteria B04 and B15 employed two different mechanisms to improve the production of cercosporin, in which B04 facilitated cercosporin secretion into the broth by loosening and damaging the hyphae surface of  Cercospora sp.  JNU001 while B15 could adsorb cercosporin to improve its secretion.    Conclusions  We here established a novel and effective co-culture method to improve the production of cercosporin by increasing its secretion ability from  Cercospora sp.  JNU001, allowing to develop more potential applications of cercosporin.Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01587-2.

Enhanced cercosporin production by co-culturing Cercospora sp. JNU001 with leaf-spot-disease-related endophytic bacteria