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Background  The consequence of simultaneous and sequential inoculation of  T. asperellum  and  B. amyloliquefaciens  cultures with respect to growth rate, differential expression of vital genes and metabolites were examined.    Results  The competition was observed between  T. asperellum  and  B. amyloliquefaciens  under co-cultivation. The proliferation of  Trichoderma  was reduced in the simultaneous inoculation (TB1) method, possibly due to the fastest growth of  Bacillus . Both  T. asperellum  and  B. amyloliquefaciens  were proliferated in sequential inoculation method (TB2). The sequential inoculation method (TB2) upregulated the expression of metabolites and vital genes (sporulation, secondary metabolites, mycoparasitism enzymes and antioxidants) in  Trichoderma  and downregulated in  Bacillus  and vice versa in co-inoculation method (TB1). The metabolic changes in the co-culture promoted the maize plant growth and defense potential under normal and biotic stress conditions.    Conclusion  The metabolites produced by the co-culture of  T. asperellum  and  B. amyloliquefaciens  improved the maize plant growth and defense potential under normal and biotic stress conditions.

microbial cell factories

Simultaneous and sequential based co-fermentations of Trichoderma asperellum GDFS1009 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 1841: a strategy to enhance the gene expression and metabolites to improve the bio-control and plant growth promoting activity