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Background  Fatty acids (FAs) with a chain length of more than 18 carbon atoms (> C18) are interesting for the production of specialty compounds derived from these FAs. These compounds include free FAs, like erucic acid (C22:1-Δ13), primary fatty alcohols (FOHs), like docosanol (C22:0-FOH), as well as jojoba-like wax esters (WEs) (C38-WE to C44-WE), which are esters of (very) long-chain FAs and (very) long-chain FOHs. In particular, FAs, FOHs and WEs are used in the production of chemicals, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic products. Jojoba seed oil is highly enriched in diunsaturated WEs with over 70 mol% being composed of C18:1–C24:1 monounsaturated FOH and monounsaturated FA moieties. In this study, we aim for the production of jojoba-like WEs in the yeast  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  by increasing the amount of very long-chain, monounsaturated FAs and simultaneously expressing enzymes required for WE synthesis.    Results  We show that the combined expression of a plant-derived fatty acid elongase (FAE/KCS) from  Crambe abyssinica  ( Ca KCS) together with the yeast intrinsic fatty acid desaturase (FAD) Ole1p leads to an increase in C20:1 and C22:1 FAs in  S. cerevisiae . We also demonstrate that the best enzyme candidate for C24:1 FA production in  S. cerevisiae  is a FAE derived from  Lunaria annua  ( La KCS). The combined overexpression of  Ca KCS and Ole1p together with a fatty acyl reductase (FAR/FAldhR) from  Marinobacter aquaeolei  VT8 ( Ma FAldhR) and a wax synthase (WS) from  Simmondsia chinensis  ( Sci WS) in a  S. cerevisiae  strain, overexpressing a range of other enzymes involved in FA synthesis and elongation, leads to a yeast strain capable of producing high amounts of monounsaturated FOHs (up to C22:1-FOH) as well as diunsaturated WEs (up to C46:2-WE).    Conclusions  Changing the FA profile of the yeast  S. cerevisiae  towards very long-chain monounsaturated FAs is possible by combined overexpression of endogenous and heterologous enzymes derived from various sources (e.g. a marine copepod or plants). This strategy was used to produce jojoba-like WEs in  S. cerevisiae  and can potentially be extended towards other commercially interesting products derived from very long-chain FAs.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1098-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Increasing jojoba-like wax ester production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by enhancing very long-chain, monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis