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Background  Glucosamine-6-phosphate  N -acetyltransferase (GNA1) is the key enzyme that causes overproduction of  N -acetylglucosamine in  Bacillus subtilis . Previously, we increased GlcNAc production by promoting the expression of GNA1 from  Caenorhabditis elegans  ( Ce GNA1) in an engineered  B. subtilis  strain BSGN12. In this strain overflow metabolism to by-products acetoin and acetate had been blocked by mutations, however pyruvate accumulated as an overflow metabolite. Although overexpression of  Ce GNA1 drove carbon flux from pyruvate to the GlcNAc synthesis pathway and decreased pyruvate accumulation, the residual pyruvate reduced the intracellular pH, resulting in inhibited  Ce GNA1 activity and limited GlcNAc production.    Results  In this study, we attempted to further overcome pyruvate overflow by enzyme engineering and host engineering for enhanced GlcNAc production. To this end, the key enzyme  Ce GNA1 was evolved through error-prone PCR under pyruvate stress to enhance its catalytic activity. Then, the urease from  Bacillus paralicheniformis  was expressed intracellularly to neutralize the intracellular pH, making it more robust in growth and more efficient in GlcNAc production. It was found that the activity of mutant  Ce GNA1 increased by 11.5% at pH 6.5–7.5, with the catalytic efficiency increasing by 27.5% to 1.25 s −1  µM −1 . Modulated expression of urease increased the intracellular pH from 6.0 to 6.8. The final engineered strain BSGN13 overcame pyruvate overflow, produced 25.6 g/L GlcNAc with a yield of 0.43 g GlcNAc/g glucose in a shake flask fermentation and produced 82.5 g/L GlcNAc with a yield of 0.39 g GlcNAc/g glucose by fed-batch fermentation, which was 1.7- and 1.2-times, respectively, of the yield achieved previously.    Conclusions  This study highlights a strategy that combines pathway enzyme engineering and host engineering to resolve overflow metabolism in  B. subtilis  for the overproduction of GlcNAc. By means of modulated expression of urease reduced pyruvate burden, conferred bacterial survival fitness, and enhanced GlcNAc production, all of which improved our understanding of co-regulation of cell growth and metabolism to construct more efficient  B. subtilis  cell factories.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-1049-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

microbial cell factories

Combinatorial pathway enzyme engineering and host engineering overcomes pyruvate overflow and enhances overproduction of N-acetylglucosamine in Bacillus subtilis