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Background  In  Streptomyces , understanding the switch from primary to secondary metabolism is important for maximizing the production of secondary metabolites such as antibiotics, as well as for optimizing recombinant glycoprotein production. Differences in  Streptomyces lividans  bacterial aggregation as well as recombinant glycoprotein production and  O -mannosylation have been reported due to modifications in the shake flask design. We hypothetized that such differences are related to the metabolic switch that occurs under oxygen-limiting conditions in the cultures.    Results  Shake flask design was found to affect undecylprodigiosin (RED, a marker of secondary metabolism) production; the RED yield was 12 and 385 times greater in conventional normal Erlenmeyer flasks (NF) than in baffled flasks (BF) and coiled flasks (CF), respectively. In addition, oxygen transfer rates (OTR) and carbon dioxide transfer rates were almost 15 times greater in cultures in CF and BF as compared with those in NF. Based on these data, we obtained respiration quotients (RQ) consistent with aerobic metabolism for CF and BF, but an RQ suggestive of anaerobic metabolism for NF.    Conclusion  Although the metabolic switch is usually related to limitations in phosphate and nitrogen in  Streptomyces  sp., our results reveal that it can also be activated by low OTR, dramatically affecting recombinant glycoprotein production and  O -mannosylation and increasing RED synthesis in the process.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-1035-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The metabolic switch can be activated in a recombinant strain of Streptomyces lividans by a low oxygen transfer rate in shake flasks