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Background  In the industry, the conventional two-step fermentation method was used to produce 2-keto- l -gulonic acid (2-KGA), the precursor of vitamin C, by three strains, namely,  Gluconobacter oxydans ,  Bacillus  spp. and  Ketogulonicigenium vulgare . Despite its high production efficiency, the long incubation period and an additional second sterilization process inhibit the further development. Therefore, we aimed to reorganize a synthetic consortium of  G. oxydans  and  K. vulgare  for one-step fermentation of 2-KGA and enhance the symbiotic interaction between microorganisms to perform better.    Results  During the fermentation, competition for sorbose of  G. oxydans  arose when co-cultured with  K. vulgare . In this study, the competition between the two microbes was alleviated and their mutualism was enhanced by deleting genes involved in sorbose metabolism of  G. oxydans . In the engineered synthetic consortium (H 6  + Kv), the yield of 2-KGA (mol/mol) against  d -sorbitol reached 89.7 % within 36 h, increased by 29.6 %. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis was used to verify the enhancement of the symbiotic relationship and to provide us potential strategies for improving the synthetic consortium. Additionally, a significant redistribution of metabolism occurred by co-culturing the  K. vulgare  with the engineered  G. oxydans , mainly reflected in the increased TCA cycle, purine, and fatty acid metabolism.    Conclusions  We reorganized and optimized a synthetic consortium of  G. oxydans  and  K. vulgare  to produce 2-KGA directly from  d -sorbitol. The yield of 2-KGA was comparable to that of the conventional two-step fermentation. The metabolic interaction between the strains was further investigated by metabolomics, which verified the enhancement of the mutualism between the microbes and gave us a better understanding of the synthetic consortium.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0418-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Reorganization of a synthetic microbial consortium for one-step vitamin C fermentation