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Background  In vivo imaging of orally administered lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and commensal bacteria in mice is shown to provide information on the spatial and temporal distribution of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. The bacteria can be detected and monitored using bioluminescence or near-infrared fluorescence.    Results  Fluorescence imaging of bacteria was established by expressing the infrared fluorescent protein IRFP713 in  Lactococcus lactis ,  Lactobacillus plantarum  and  Escherichia coli.  All three bacterial species were monitored in live mice and no major differences in transit time were observed. Bacteria passed through the stomach and small intestine in 1 h and the majority were secreted from the large intestine after 6–8 h. Intestinal localization of bacteria was confirmed by imaging the isolated intestines and culturing the intestinal content. The use of fluorescence tomography for spatial localization of fluorescent bacteria has been established. The expression of an additional infrared fluorescent protein IRFP682 enabled concomitant detection of two bacterial populations in live mice.    Conclusions  The present work provides a methodological basis for future studies of probiotic and theranostic actions of LAB in mouse disease models.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0376-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

In vivo imaging of Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Escherichia coli expressing infrared fluorescent protein in mice